Journal: Scientific Reports
Article Title: Natural killer cells from endurance-trained older adults show improved functional and metabolic responses to adrenergic blockade and mTOR inhibition
doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-06057-y
Figure Lengend Snippet: Dose-response effects of rapamycin on NK cells phenotype, activation, and regulatory receptor expression. NK cells expanded for 14 days were treated with increasing concentrations of rapamycin (0, 10, 25, 50, or 100 ng/mL) in the absence or presence of an inflammatory stimulus (PMA, ionomycin, brefeldin A, and monensin). ( A ) Total NK cells (CD3⁻CD56 + ). ( B , C ) Cytotoxic (CD56 dim CD16 bright ) and effector (CD56 bright CD16 dim ) subset. ( D – F ) Expression of activation (CD38), differentiation (CD57), and degranulation (CD107a) markers. ( G ) Senescence marker KLRG1. ( H – J ) Regulatory receptors LAG-3, NKG2A, and NKG2D. ( K , L ) Immune-exhaustion markers PD-1 and TIM-3. Data are presented as mean ± SEM from n = 4 untrained and n = 5 endurance-trained donors. * P < 0.05 versus untreated control; & P < 0.05 versus PMA; # P < 0.05 between PMA-stimulated and unstimulated at the same dose. All comparisons were determined using Bonferroni post hoc tests following a significant interaction effect detected by two-way ANOVA. CD, cluster of differentiation; KLRG1, killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily G member 1; LAG-3, lymphocyte-activation gene 3; NK, natural killer; NKG2A, natural killer group 2, member A; NKG2D, natural killer group 2, member D; PD-1, programmed death-1; PMA, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate; TIM-3, T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3.
Article Snippet: We isolated NK cells from whole blood in both groups using the EasySepTM Direct Human NK cell isolation kit (STEMCELL Technologies, Vancouver, CA).
Techniques: Activation Assay, Expressing, Marker, Control